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    宁夏隆德县军事史

     隆德城军事地位十分重要,常为作战双方争夺的对象,历经劫难。夏献宗乾定三年(1226),成吉思汗亲率蒙古军第六次攻夏,次年三月,派大将按竺迩领兵夺金德顺州,蒙古军首先占领德顺州城附近的东山高地及北城夹河要冲,树旗指挥攻城,德顺州节度使爱申等将领率9000多义兵和乡兵坚守城池,蒙古军居高临下可探城中虚实,守军被动挨打,双方激战20昼夜城破,德顺州被蒙古军占领。闰五月,成吉思汗回师六盘山避暑,后病死,密不发丧,其部攻破中兴府(银川老城),西夏亡。

        洪武二年(1369),明开国大将徐达率部追击残元势力,自临洮下至隆德,元将贺宗哲从城中北逃。徐达所部占领隆德城后,迅速扫平周围屯寨,复派降将李茂率千余骑兵平复隆德以西未降元军残部,擒获元将柏伯卜等。而后,翻越六盘山,占领元开成府(治今固原市原州区开城乡)。

        崇祯七年(1634),李自成农民起义军围攻隆德城,固原州兵备陆梦龙、都司石崇德领兵救援,遭义军伏击,陆、石死于隆德城下。后城被攻破,知县费彦芳被杀。此后,李自成部在六盘山地区机动作战中曾7次进占隆德城。

        清同治年间,反清回民军曾3次攻破隆德城。同治二年(1863),盐茶厅(今海原县城)回民军围攻隆德县城,民团死守城不克。进入隆德境内的陕西关中回民军孙义宝部4000余人也在县城附近活动。清陕西按察使张集馨率部越六盘山抵达隆德,以多路围剿回民军,民军死伤惨重。后陕西回民军乘清军北去,会合甘肃回民军攻破隆德城,但不久又被清军收复。同治五年(1866),陕西回民军二次攻破隆德县城,杀死守备等1000余人。月余,回民军第三次攻破隆德县城,知县宋继昌等1000余人被杀,城内宫祠庙宇被战火焚毁。后陕西总督杨岳斌领兵攻克隆德。同治八年(1868),逃到庄浪分县的隆德知县蒋柏林被回民军杀死在城郊。次年四月,隆德县新知县周其俊等在县城外被回民军马才棕部杀死,后左宗棠部在隆德境内将马才棕部剿杀。同治十一年(1872)春,左宗棠将陕西籍回民教众,在隆德“就抚”的马生彦、冯正和等近万人,安置于屯民、韩沟、新店子各堡。

        1935年8月17日晚,长征途经今宁夏的红25军,离开西吉县兴隆镇、单家集,沿好水川西兰公路东进,当夜到达隆德县城以北地区(王辛湾)一带,占据北象山后,从县城北墙攻城,隆德县县长林培霖及政府官员逃跑,红军歼灭国民党守军一个营大部,俘虏保安团团总及官兵200余人,还开仓放粮,救济贫民。未及国民党援兵赶到,红25军连夜自北象山经杨家店和好水伏龙寺翻越六盘山,18日拂晓进至固原和尚铺、蒿店、瓦亭一带,后继续东进于9月中旬到达陕北革命根据地的延川县永坪镇,与红26军、红27军会师,编为红15军团。

        1935年10月6日,红一方面军(中央红军)的3个纵队,分别从西吉公易镇、兴隆镇、单家集等宿营地出发,当晚在固原张易堡宿营。7日,主力部队沿王套、后莲花沟抄小路登上六盘山;毛泽东等中央领导从单家集出发,向东绕隆德县境,沿小水沟上六盘山,登上六盘山主峰之一的牛头山。

        毛泽东在六盘高峰临风寄景,构思作词,顺利到达陕北后,在瓦窑堡驻地,修改了这首在长征路上吟哦成诵的《长征谣》,后又修改为《清平乐·六盘山》。1986年,自治区政府在隆德县城关镇东9.5公里的六盘山垭口山巅处修建“红军长征纪念亭”,中共中央总书记胡耀邦题写亭名。亭中立碑,正面镌刻着毛泽东《清平乐·六盘山》词手迹长卷,背面碑文记载了毛泽东率中央红军翻越六盘山的过程。去年扩建“红军长征纪念亭”,同时建成“红军长征纪念馆”。

        1949年8月2日,解放军19兵团65军195师攻占战略要地六盘山,3日解放隆德。(作者系宁夏军区军史办公室副主任)

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